Danger of a Single Story - 1661 Words

Reflection on â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story† By Chimamanda Adichie Why this all fuss about a â€Å"single story†? So what is a single story? Does this mean manipulation of ‘a single story’ by countless re-telling and thus creating an ‘entrenched’ view in our minds which we fail to challenge and investigate with a forward-looking vision? No wonder, this leads to a lot of assumptions, half-truths and stereotypes when this story is passed on from one to another. For example a lot of people think that Australia is like the land of the kangaroos and there’s crocodile Dundee catching crocodiles in the Australian outback, but they do not acknowledge the cities, towns, suburbs, and the people who talk good English. These stories told by†¦show more content†¦So this made her write more short stories with African protagonists and she began to discover new depths and new characterization that she was able to come up with while writing. And that’s what defines that single story. The other thing that she points out is that as Americans suffer from a single story of Africa and that single story is pity. A real life situation to this is for example when I turn on the TV, I’d probably see two commercials about poverty in India, or about extreme hunger in Africa, or about civil war in Africa. But the truth is that all that is not happening in Africa, it’s just happening in a very small area, not even half the countries in Africa don’t face this. She also tells us that she grew up from an upper middle class family and that she, her friends and her family was well off and the fact is most of the people in Africa is well off. A really good example in my life how media plays a role in framing single stories is during my cultural exchange program from India to the Netherlands. But I have to tell you, it was a fun trip, even words cannot explain the experience. So one day my Dutch friends wanted to know about India, so they went on Google and typed in India on the search bar. And guess what came on screen? There were pictures of poverty, hunger and cows on the road, donkeys and many pictures of the Bengal tiger and elephants. So this raises a lot of questions like: * Do you go to school on elephants? * DoShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Singles Stories1372 Words   |  6 Pageslifetime people hear thousands of single stories from people, places, and things. This makes the passing of information very dangerous. A single story means, a limited viewpoint, or only seeing something from one angle. As proved in many cases, this is very dangerous in knowing the whole story from every perspective. In many cases the s ource you are hearing this from may have opinions or facts beyond the point adjusting your way of thinking. The dangers of singles stories was noted by Chimamanda NgoziRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story1158 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in the article, â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story†, she proclaims that when there is just one single story of someone or something, it can be detrimental to said subject. It can be detrimental to a group of people, because that one single story can make great people seem horrible. Having one single story about a beautiful place can make it sound terrifying. The world is multidimensional and having just one explanation of something, can make somethingRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story1489 Words   |  6 Pagesauthor, gave a stunning speech about â€Å"the Danger of a Single Story†. In her speech, she mentioned about negative consequences happening when people tend to form stereotypes bas ed on a single story, the one-sided argument. The single story blindfolds our eyes and prevents us from seeing the complexity, diversity, and similarities that construct our world, just as Adichie says â€Å"these negative stories is to flatten my experience and overlook the many other stories that formed me† (12:56). Listening to allRead MoreThe Danger of a Single Story804 Words   |  4 PagesRanda ElFouly The Danger of a Single Story - A speech that was said by Chimamanda Adichie that inspired me to write this report. Chimamanda Adichie began talking about this thing she liked to call â€Å"a single story.† The Danger of a Single Story is about having a one sided perspective on different cultures and countries. She explains that she originally had a single story of writing because as a kid, all she had read were children’s books from America or England and all the characters in theseRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story1070 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There s always room for a story that can transport people to another place.† (J.K Rowling). While this may be true for some stories, other stories tend to lead misbeliefs about a time period or place. That is what Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie explains throughout her telling of â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story.† She states how a story can mislead people to generalize how a place is or how the people are. Everyone at some point has heard a story that made them believe a misconception about a place. AdichieRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story Analysis827 Words   |  4 PagesIn Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ted talkâ€Å" The Danger of a Single Story†, she gave an address on her accomplished with writing as an African in her life. Through her improvement as a kid, her involvement with her roommate and different Americans, and her revelation and making of African writing Adichie creates logos in her discourse so the group of onlookers can understand the nature of universe which is â€Å"stereotyping†, what she calls, a solitary story. Universe is fill of people with different conceptualizationsRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story Summary823 Words   |  4 Pagestalks presentation,† The Danger of a Single Story,† Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie explains how a single story presented by the media and books can affect the way a person may perceive others, places, and cultures (Adichie). She goes into details explaining her point through personal experiences where she falsely misunderstood someone based on a single word she heard numerously, and how she was a victim of a common stereotype. According to Adichie, there is never a single story and that people can go throughRead MoreLiterary Essay : The Danger Of A Single Story1091 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout a persons life they are bound to do one of the following; be apart of a single story, struggle with their identity or stereotype someone or something. Literature reflects this experience people have with their identity. The single story is something that affects everyone, consistently and can be seen throughout literature; everything and everyone has a single story. In The Danger of a Single Story, Adichie talks about its impact; this is also explored in Supamans lyrics, and HopeRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story By Nancy Mairs984 Words   |  4 Pagesof many overlapping stories. A single story confines a corner of the world to a generalized stereotype. Chimamanda Adichie in TED talk, The Danger of a Single Story, addresses that â€Å"if you hear a single story about a person or a country we risk a critica l understanding.† Adichie also states, â€Å"a single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not what they are untrue, but they are incomplete.† Adichie believes everyone is guilty in creating single stories and they are dangerousRead MoreThe Danger Of A Single Story By Chimamanda Ngozi838 Words   |  4 PagesIn her TED Talk â€Å"The Danger of a Single Story†, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie shared her personal experiences on how the stereotypes that are presented in the literature towards people from other cultures would actually be misleading to the readers and have negative influence on their cross-cultural communication. The danger of a single story lies not so much in lacking of knowledge or understanding of people from other culture, but rather in people’s leaving no room and possibilities for themselves to

Morality, Paternalism, And Justice Ethical Priorities

Critique #1: Autonomy, Paternalism, and Justice: Ethical Priorities in Public Health Olawale Akinbobola The University of Memphis School of Public Health PUBH 7180 – Fall 2017 Within public health, the issue of paternalism has become a controversial topic. Broadly, paternalism is defined as the interference of a state or individual with a subordinate overpowering the will of the subordinate, claiming the subordinate will be better off (Dworkin, 2017). Autonomy is the right of an individual to be independent and govern himself. These polarizing terms have raised questions pertaining to the ethical rights of public health working in conjunction with the government to develop policies meant to create healthy conditions for the†¦show more content†¦A justifiable case of paternalism is when a population’s safety is endangered. For example, impending threats to health, like bioterrorism, present the possibility of significant harm to populations (Buchanan, 2008). While some support the idea of government intervention, this view of paternalism upsets others. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggestion that a pregnant woman should not drink alcohol during pregnancy has been widely criticized as being unnecessarily paternalistic, but the CDC goes further into explaining that â€Å"alcohol consumed during pregnancy increases the risk of alcohol related birth defects, including growth deficiencies, facial abnormalities, central nervous system impairment, behavioral disorders, and impaired intellectual development† (CDC, 2016). Buchanan identifies 3 arguments in justifying paternalistic actions: informed consent, weak paternalism, and utilitarianism. To support his argument of informed consent, Buchanan admits there is no significant ethical concern because an individual may reach out to the professional for help, but it is problematic when an intervention is targeting the entire population (Buchanan, 2008). This point of view from Buchanan is flawed and completely limits what public health is all about. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) defines public health as â€Å"what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions for people to be healthy.† With its use of the phrase â€Å"we, as aShow MoreRelatedMy View Of Human Morality Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesMy view of human morality is that it is influenced by individual culture and experience. Because I believe that as human beings, we all have our own values, beliefs and attitudes that we develop throughout the course of our lives and contribute to our own sense of reality of ourselves and the society. Regardless of what will influence and mold us throughout our lives, we have the rationality inclined to know between what is right and wrong so that we will do good as we want others to do so. We areRead MoreVoltaire‚Äà ´s Candide1924 Words   |  8 Pagesapproach, the commercialization of human organs for transplantation is a possibility with the potential to supply one hundred per cent of the demand for organs. There are however many arguments against the commercialization of human organs. Ethical aspects concerning commercialization of human organs also need to be investigated, in order to reach a conclusion that it is not unethical and is worth being investigated. Either organ transplants works out for the good or not that s the questionRead MoreMunchhausen s Syndrome By Proxy2002 Words   |  9 Pagesto be searched, and the person or things to be seized (Morrison, 1999). Court video surveillance (CVS) balances on a fine line of violating the law and a patient’s trust, or safeguarding the patient from harm. As a healthcare professional their â€Å"priority is the safety and wellbeing of their patient, in this case, the pediatric patient† (Hunt, 2014). The conflict arises when parents, generally the decision makers for their child, is the cause of harm to the child. Conflict also arises with the breachRead MoreProfessional Ethics2616 Words   |  11 Pageshelp foster a successful career. This paper will cover relationships between legal and ethical issues as well as personal values and professional ethics. Relationships between Legal and Ethical Issues According to Wacker-Guido amp; Watson (2010), there are eight ethical principles that nurses encounter when making decisions in clinical settings, autonomy, beneficence, no maleficence, veracity, justice, paternalism, fidelity, and respect or others. In other terms nurses have personal freedom, the rightRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility10163 Words   |  41 Pagescorporate social responsibility with regard to contemporary commerce. The ethical approaches of purpose, principle and consequence are integral components of business social performance; itemizing these contributions finds one incorporating the interests of ethics and morality within the corporate structure, essential concepts that are often absent from a managerial standpoint. Chapters two and three of Beauchamp and Bowies Ethical Theory And Business address the very issues of corporate social responsibilityRead MoreMy Phone Thesis16066 Words   |  65 Pagesthe next 3 years, and to increase the number of clients s erved by at least 20% per year through superior performance and word-of-mouth referral. A Gantt chart was used for the time frame of the action plan that was prepared by the researchers. The priorities were gradually shown as well as the Marketing strategies. II. Company Profile Solid Group Inc. Solid Group Incorporated has been in the retail industry for more than 50 years. Starting out as the exclusive distributor of Sony, ChairmanRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages Sports and Media 8. Foreign Aid a. How effective is Foreign Aid? 9. Migration a. Is migration/having foreigners good? 10. Subjects a. Literature b. History c. Mathematics d. Universal language 11. Businesses a. Business morality b. Charities as businesses 12. Democracy a. Good vs. Bad 13. Social Issues (only stats provided) a. Gender b. Family c. Equality 14. Governance a. World Governance 15. Others a. Cooperation b. Education c. Crime Read MoreBohlander/Snell-Managing Hr24425 Words   |  98 PagesWork ethic †¢ Time orientation †¢ Individualism/ collectivism †¢ Risk propensity †¢ Achievement Primary/secondary Vocational Professional Literacy †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ SOCIAL STRUCTURE Kinship/family Mobility Nationalism Urbanization Social stratification Paternalism/ materialism RELIGIOUS BELIEFS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Denominations Totems/taboos Rituals Holy days †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ COMMUNICATION Language(s) Dialects Nonverbal Media Technology tionalization of the HRM profession, causing executives in the very best of companiesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagespermission to reproduce copyright material. Figure 2.1 (top left)  © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS, (top right)  © Edifice/ CORBIS, (bottom left)  © Michael Nicholson/CORBIS, (bottom right)  © Mikael Andersson/Nordic Photos/Getty Images; Figure 2.3  © Sean Justice/The Image Bank/ Getty Images; Figure 2.4  © Bruce Hands/Stone/Getty Images; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5 based on Human relations: rare, medium, or well-done? in Harvard Business Review Vol. 26 No. 1 Harvard Business School Publishing (Roethlisberger

Syllabus Risk Free Essays

BADM 574 – MSTM Simulation and Risk Analysis Spring 2013 Lectures: ADV: TR 9:30 am – 10:50 am in 2043 BIF GRD: TR 11:00 am – 12:20 pm in 2043 BIF Final Exam: 7-10 pm, Tuesday May 7, 2013 ADV: 2041 BIF GRD: 2043 BIF Instructor: H. Dharma Kwon, Assistant Professor of Business Administration, College of Business, University of Illinois Of? ce: Email: Phone: Of? ce Hours: 365 Wohlers Hall dhkwon@illinois. edu 217-333-3522 Tuesdays 2 – 4 pm or by appointment Note: When you send email to the instructor, your subject line must contain the course title. We will write a custom essay sample on Syllabus Risk or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the of? ce hours, you can call my of? ce. Course Objectives: This course is about using numbers to make better decisions. The focus will be on â€Å"handson† use of quantitative tools for solution of management problems often involving risk and uncertainty. Speci? c course objectives: (1) Introduce you to practical yet sophisticated tools suitable for modeling and solving complex managerial problems with risky outcomes, and (2) improve 1 your skill and experience with the use of spreadsheet tools for analysis of management decision problems. We will learn to mathematically model business decision problems and apply their analytical skills to realistic business contexts. The material covered is useful for executives in all professional areas of business, including but not limited to accounting, ? nance, marketing, information systems, operations management or any other area where it is important to combine quantitative analysis with expert intuitive judgment. Prerequisite: This course builds upon some rudimentary knowledge of mathematics (probability and statistics) and basic pro? ciency with Microsoft Excel. Required Materials: 1. To purchase the required electronic course pack, go to https://create. mcgraw-hill. com/shop/ and search for the following ISBN number: 1121833926. The course pack contains all required cases and some readings. 2. TreePlan, RiskSim, and SensIt (provided by the MSTM program and downloadable from Compass 2g course website) 3. A laptop and Microsoft Excel 2010 (for Windows) or 2011 (for Mac) installed in your laptop Evaluation Methods: There are four components to the evaluation: Case Summary: Minicase Analysis: Group Project: Final Exam: Cases Summary: Roughly every week, individual case summary assignment(s) are due. We will discuss cases in class, so it is important to read and understand the problems posed by the cases before coming to the classroom. The summary of each case must not exceed one page, and it must be submitted on-line via Compass. (PDF format is strongly preferred). It will be graded on a pass/fail basis. In order to pass a case summary assignment, you must show suf? cient evidence that you have read the case and understood the gist of it. 2 10% 30% 15% 45% Minicase Analysis: Minicase analyses (problem sets) will be assigned roughly once a week and graded. The minicases are designed to help you learn the mechanics of the methods covered in class and to give you an opportunity to apply the concepts in simple and illustrative contexts. Please note that minicase assignments require careful interpretation and analysis of the given problems. Points will be deducted if you misinterpret the information given in the case assignments. Discuss your assumptions and clearly explain your quantitative reasoning. Answers (even correct answers) without logical and quantitative reasoning will not receive credit. Minicase analysis assignments will be posted on Compass. This is sometimes an individual assignment but sometimes a team assignment. Late assignments are generally not accepted. Group Project: In the last week of the course, each team will submit an original minicase. The minicase should be based on a real business situation (in the past, in the present, or in the future) and must be analyzed using one or more of the methods or concepts discussed in this course. If you’d like, you can also add other methodology that is not discussed in class. Each case must consist of two parts. In part 1, a business decision problem must be presented with essential information. It can be a ? ctional situation, but it must be based on a real business situation. Part 1 might look like one of the short cases that we analyze in this course and the text (excluding exhibits) must not exceed 5 pages typed ingle-spaced in 12 pt font. (See Darden’s cases for the document format). In part 2, the solution to the problem posed in part 1 must be given. When you construct the minicase, you should have pedagogical values in mind, i. e. , think of writing a teaching case or an open-book exam for future MSTM students at the University of Illinois. Your submitted wor k will be evaluated based on how well the decision analytical framework is utilized to solve a given (hopefully non-trivial) problem (50%) and its pedagogical value or the practicality of the problem (50%). Final Exam: There will be an in-class 3-hour-long open-book, open-notes, and open-laptops ? nal exam. You are NOT allowed to share your laptops with other students or send/receive emails during the ? nal exam. If you miss the ? nal exam without prior discussions with the instructor or without university-authorized emergencies, then you will receive zero credit. 3 Practice Problem Sets: Practice problem sets and their solution keys will be regularly posted on Compass. They are designed to help you understand the material and to provide practice using various concepts and techniques discussed in class. These assignments will not be collected or graded. However, these problem sets will be helpful for the quiz and the ? nal exam. Some practice problems will be discussed as examples in class. Grades: The ? nal letter grade will be based upon each individual’s level of understanding and learning evidenced by the weighted cumulative points from all four components shown in Evaluation Methods. Laptop and Electronic Communications Policy: You are required to bring your laptop to each class; you will have to use your laptop to download ? es and participate in problem-solving activities in class. You are not allowed to check e-mail or send text messages using your cell phone or laptop. Set your cell phone to silent mode. Academic Integrity and Honor Code: You are expected to behave ethically throughout the term and follow the norms and guidelines outlined by the University on academic integrity. 4 Course Modules: Module 1 Topic Reading Cases Module 2 Topic Reading Cases Module 3 Topi c Reading Cases Module 4 Topic Reading Cases Module 5 Topic Reading Cases Module 6 Topic Reading Cases Module 7 Topic Reading Cases Value of Information and Control Risk Management Harimann International Optional module (if time permitted) Downstream Decisions – Merck Co. ; International Guidance Control Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Using SensIt CyberLab (A), Supp, (B); Liquid Gold Probability Assessment from Historical Data Probability Distributions Commerce Tavern Simulation Analysis Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim George’s Revised Forecast and Addendum Sampling and Statistical Inference – Jade Shampoo (A) and (B) Decisions under Uncertainty DTP Ch. George’s T-Shirts DTP: Decision Tree Primer (http://www. public. asu. edu/~kirkwood/DAStuff/decisiontrees/index. html) Monte Carlo Simulation Using RiskSim (http://www. treeplan. com/chapters/RiskSim-Guide243. pdf) Sensitivity Analysis Using SensIt (http://www. treeplan. com/chapters/SensIt-Guide-145. pdf) 5 How to cite Syllabus Risk, Papers

Impact of a Targeted Land Distribution Program

Question: Prove the following statement using the potential outcomes framework: If the stable unit treatment value assumption holds and selection bias is equal to zero then the difference in means between treatment and control groups is an unbiased estimate of the average treatment effect on the treated? Answer: The objective of program evaluation is to evaluate the net difference, which appears with respect to the difference between treated and non-treated groups should be attributed to the intervention. Notably in this condition, other variables are constant (Benjamin, 2012). Considering the study of treatment effect over the heterogeneity, the coefficient for any indicator variable is obvious not to reflect the complexity existing in the treatment effects. The most important consideration in this regard is the treatment assignment assumption (Accetturo De Blasio, 2012). For example in the case of the analytical approach, the results are not dependent on the assumptions. Thus, they depend on the distributional and functional forms. On the contrary, when rebalancing approach is being used, the condition becomes more alike to the results that are generated by randomization.To resolve such challenges, counterfactual statistical methods such as Heckmans sampling, propensity scoring-matching, score sub-classification, score weighting and matching estimators models are useful. The hypothesis is holding a stable unit of treatment value and zero value for selection bias, relates with instrumental variable estimator. For a linear population model, y = 0 + 1x1 + 2x2 + kxk + E(s) = 0, Cov(xf, ) = 0, Cov(xk, ) 0, j=1, . , K-1. Here xk is correlated with and that xk is potentially endogenous. Here is believed to contain one omitted variable and is not correlated with any explanatory variables except xk. To resolve this, an observed variable z is essential to incorporate, such that z is not correlated with and z is not correlated with xk In other case, the model considered as y = x + Where, it contains the constants, x = (1, x2, , xk) and the exogenous variables is denoted with z = (1, x2, , xk-1, z) In practical measures, finding an exact value for the instrumental variable z is challenging. This z does not correlate with the regression model that links with endogeneity but it is correlated with independent variables which causes endogeneity. This was resolved by Angrist, in their study (Angrist Imbens, 1995), which focus over effect of education on wages. In this case, the residual for the regression was correlated with education, as it contains omitted ability. The authors used dichotomous variable, where the concers subjects were categorized as either born in first quarter of birth year (=1) or in remaining quarters (=0). Here they argued that compulsory school attendance was induced over people to attend school and thus, there exists a relationship between education and quarter of birth. Notably the quarter is a random variable and this not correlated with omitted variables of regression model. Hence they suggest that non-ignorability should be avoided in the treatment received, for any indicator variable. Rather a precise and straightforward casual interpretation is needed. Such interpretation can avoid the constant effect imposed over all the units and hence it delineates the critical assumptions. Thus the focus is more over average casual effect on outcome. This is also proved with (local average treatment effect) (Angrist Pischke, 2010): EE ITT (ATE) TT Nave ATE Where EE is efficacy effect, ITT is intent-to-treat, ATE is average treatment effect, TT is the average treatment effect for treated, and nave is opposite to ignorable variable. Reference: Benjamin, D., Brandt, L., McCaig, B., Le Hoa, N. (2012). Evaluating the impact of a targeted land distribution program: Evidence from Vietnam (No. tecipa-461). Accetturo, A., De Blasio, G. (2012). Policies for local development: An evaluation of Italy's Patti Territoriali. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(1), 15-26. Angrist, J., Imbens, G. (1995). Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects. Angrist, J., Pischke, J. S. (2010). The credibility revolution in empirical economics: How better research design is taking the con out of econometrics (No. w15794). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Truth in Media free essay sample

Truth in Media-Pornography Krystal Knafel-Heister Liberty University Truth in Media-Pornography Since the days of ancient people many preserved rock paintings and elements of art, which depicts a sexual act between a man and a woman, are not uncommon images and homosexual, as well as group acts. The well-known ancient Kama Sutra book is filled with all too far from chaste designs. Examples abound. You say, but its not pornography, its just drawings of, and we are stuffed with the most detailed photographs and video footage. Well, the ancient Egyptians, for example, did not have the technical means for the production of pornography, all that they could have to draw. And if they were, say, a camera and a camera, as you think, would remove? The fact that the ancient pagan people sex life was not something like taboo or something dirty. Yes, even the most deeply intimate was not considered. We will write a custom essay sample on Truth in Media or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, as homosexuality is not perceived as a deviation from the norm. Any interest in sexual relations manifested solely for informative purposes and self-improvement in this area. So the phenomenon of pornography in our ancient ancestors did not make sense, because it just aims to show people something shocking and taboo. Over time, the development of civilization, the advent of Christianity, much has changed. According to generally accepted standards of intimate relationships are recognized solely between spouses, of course sexes. According to a particularly strict religious laws in general intercourse is permitted only for the purpose of conceiving children, and while it is still sinful. Even in this age of progressive interest in sex is not always is welcomed, and savvy in this issue people are considered loose. In every man there are instincts ancient ancestors. Subconsciously, we are still experiencing all the same desires as if we do not disable the religion and society. There is a very strong contradiction between the accepted norm and the first-born instincts of the person to whom sex is necessary. Though one partner of the opposite sex, even with a partner of the same sex, but maybe not one, theres someone like a fantasy and want permit. It is because of this contradiction, and there is such a thing as pornography. The fact, that someone wins instincts, and someone religious and social beliefs. Both, of course, extreme bump in that should not be. First make and watch pornography, the second feel a sense of disgust for her, as well as trying to deal with pornography. If sex was perceived by people as perfectly natural, inherent to any healthy person phenomenon, if for so many years, it has not brought up disgust is such a thing as pornography in general would lose all meaning. The development of the Internet has contributed to the spread of porn on the scale for the reason that there is almost unlimited audience, and to check and interfere with its network in this extremely difficult. It should also be noted that the producers of pornography absolutely not intended to shock you or corrupt. They do not care if someone obscene pictures cause negative emotions. Their activities are directed exclusively to cash income, and the success of this activity due to the existence of the very contradictions emerging in us for centuries. In many articles about porn now we can find many advice, unclear questions, and critics on this theme; it is very popular issue in our times. Caroline Kylstra says us about 7 things we didn’t know about porn. The interesting thing in this article that: ‘A Harvard study found that Utah had the most online porn subscriptions per every 1,000 broadband users’. A study conducted Sosmo in several European countries and the U. S. , found: 96% of the study participants occasionally roam the porn sites in search of new sensations. And 67% do so regularly, at least once a month. Caroline Kylstra is making accent that ‘All — literally all — men watch it’. In the article by Henderson, K. we can find interesting very interesting and funny top 10 signs your guy is addicted to porn. In the other Cosmo’s article (â€Å"How much porn is too much? ) we are concerned about whether we should watch it every day or it isn’t good for us. Pornographic discourse forms the sexual needs of men: the consumers of pornography are to make pathological sexual activities in their lives; they want sex, getting rid of intimacy. Men become addicted to pornography: it is difficult to enjoy normal sexual relations, and the use pornography becomes more important to them and desirable with women. Dependent people fall out of the range of normal relations, isolated from people depressed. Price pornography consumption is very high for them. More and more men are becoming aware of their dependence, which could quickly lead to pathologies: getting satisfaction from causing real suffering to women, pedophilia and sexual offenses. According to some researchers, frequent viewing of pornography, can deprive a person of the ability to enjoy normal sexual relations in marriage. As noted sex therapist Victor Cline, today the demand for pornography is growing. It all starts with the occasional viewing of pornographic material, and if you do not take restrictive measures, in the end a person can become addicted to a more frank and low-grade pornography. And this, according to Klein, can push a person to perverse sexual acts. Experts in the field of behavioral sciences are of the same opinion. Klein says that in this way can develop any sexual pathology and what to get rid of it will not make a person even agonizing pangs of conscience. As a result, someone who enjoys watching pornography may try to bring to life the shameless fantasy, inspired by what he saw. The consequences are often very sad. Experiments in sex are an important part of sex life. With what is worth experimenting with the women? Answers on this question we can find in the Cosmos’ article ‘101 sex tricks to try before you die’. In the work researched by Lizzie Crocker we can learn a lot new information about artist David Choe and a lot of interesting things about porno stars’ life, about their activity in porno industry. Choe claims that many are not the main thing; it is not important for artist. â€Å"It’s kind of like group therapy, and it causes suffering, at least for me. I didn’t become an artist to sell things to rich douche bags. So I’m trying to find other ways to share my work. – says Choe. Pelisek, Ch. is discussing about health problems causing by pornography. HIV is â€Å"at epidemic a proportion in the industry and it spreads to the community,† said AIDS Healthcare Foundation President Michael Weinstein. â€Å"There is not an iron wall between the community and the porn industry. This is happening in my backyard. To have this happen ing where we live is not right. † In recent unprotected sex in the gay community with HIV is the number one topic. She warmed up the news that the three young men were infected with HIV in the UK filming a porn movie. This is the first known instance when actors contracted the virus while filming in the UK. This film,  «Bareback Vacation » ( «Leave without condoms), was filmed without the use condoms. To investigate this issue, we recently interviewed the man who told the story about the actors. Its Carl Riley an independent journalist and member of the last event, entitled  «Bareback Mountain » (Cold Mountain without condoms). The strongest argument for the use condoms in porn films is as follows: due to the lack of gay sex in public media, many have to learn it with porn. Thus, condoms in porn are teaching element. They teach that condoms are a preventive measure, so the necessary and basic that even the sexual fantasies of business professionals use them. Should somehow regulate the industry of pornography to unprotected sex? Of course yes. In the U. S. , the officials responsible for occupational safety now have the ability to impose fines on the studio to shoot the film, which is threatened lives and safety of the performers. But there can also be responsible studio; the movie was made to unprotected sex, where the actors have a legal obligation to have safe sex everywhere, with the exception of a film set. If the results of tests for various diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, the actor are positive, it should bear the same penalties as a movie star, breaching its contractual obligations. Aurora Snow researched how porn actresses have lost their virginity, she says that it was nothing like we expected from porn stars. There is a reasonable best period for sexual relations in our society where marriages are made later than it has for centuries been taken earlier, it is quite possible to start to learn pleasures of the body when the body and wants, and the head is ripe. That is not in the 12-15 years (when nothing is not yet ripe in fact in spite of the presence of mold and monthly), with the risk of becoming frigid afterwards. And not in the 26 and older because the need to have sex and gradually atrophied, and diseases of the mature bouquet on the basis of abnormal hormonal. In the other article Aurora Snow researched how porn stars are making money without having actual sexual acts. In the 80s, when only knew about the Internet actively hallucinating patients advanced psychiatric hospitals, lived in America, was an activist anti-pornography movement for Andrea Dworkin. In their speeches, she painted a terrible picture of the future: if you do not stop pornography, she sweep the world, men would treat women solely as sex objects to the streets swamped with sexual violence. Family sex at stake, she warned. But things turned out differently. Internet appeared, and with it the Internet porn. Initially, men downloads, pictures almost in the GIF, painfully waiting to open the lower part of the girl. Then the pictures were better, and then broadband has brought us a video, and finally came to the torrent movies HD. At any of these stages, men were not torn out rape sex objects. Instead, they spend more time at home, and are more interested in women living there fell inversely diagonal monitors. Today, the picture quality on the screen is quite comparable with the real. Each new medium call the new porn bum. So it was with video cassettes, DVD, Internet, and HD. Every new technology is asking a new standard for easier using and realism of the image. Emperor Tiberius had as a porn spintriae clever boys and girls, intricately copulating in front of him. But he would weep with envy, like Nero over Roman fire if he saw the phenomenon of today fast internet. How can you compare a measly two dozen spintriae with thousands of women of all shapes and colors, not to mention the anime, and if anyone should, God forgive me, men? Statistics porn is mostly figures like Andrea Dworkin. According to believe it (like any statistics) should be cautious. The most popular Russian porn torrent tracker pornolab. net informed us that he has more than a million of registered users. It is believed that in 2003 the global porn sites on a regular basis climbed 23 million people, in 2008 more than 100 million. It is also believed that 12% of the internet its porn sites, two thirds of traffic at all its porn, every second so many thousands of downloads, of which so much interest is considered. It does not matter. And the fact is clear: to increase convenience and quality is increasing and the audience. Today, access to pornographic materials quick access to free resources chic! Each user has. Only on one popular today more than one million registered users and this fact could not affect the sexual behavior of citizens. But not as it was predicted by feminist Andrea Dworkin. Currently, there are many womens groups on the Internet, and which are determined to oppose all porn. They know that it is insulting and denigrating to women. One reporter said to me: Porn makes women in the meat. On the other hand, many women will on occasion, quite happily watch some porn movies with their partners, as it is a man or a woman. And women who are alone, for they both hands to a porn had free access, because they love to watch these movies and candid while masturbating to get more excited and sexual satisfaction, then good nights sleep. So there are big differences in how people relate to pornography, and it is likely that there will always be debate about what porn is doing to our society, for some, its bad, its good for the latter! Jennifer Schuessler says that porn studies journal to be published by Routledge starting in 2014, is described as â€Å"the first dedicated, international, peer-reviewed journal to critically explore those cultural products and services designated as pornographic and their cultural, economic, historical, institutional, legal and social contexts. † In the article Addiction Wars: Porn: The New Crack? (Medical Breakthroughs) discussing about people addicted to porn. Doctors are advised to have sex, health, in every store you can buy manuals on sex, and contraceptives have eliminated all the nasty side effects. One can argue whether this is good or bad (we believe that good), but there is clearly a worrying time for all of us. Everything was much worse than predicted by the citizen Dworkin. Instead, after watching porn, attacking the living women, men began to actively lose interest in them. This phenomenon has been called porn addiction. With the advent and proliferation of the Internet has increased the number of porn addicted 10-15 times the known sexologist, Professor A. M. Poleew – â€Å"In my practice for the last three or four years, I see a similar clients more than in the previous twenty-seven years! Arguing about whether it is possible over reliance pornography put on a par with other known addictions alcohol, drugs, etc. like; sexologist agree that today we are dealing with an epidemic. In 2008, BBC Radio 1 poll 43 British sexologist, and four-fifths of them were expressed in the sense that there is a huge growth porn addiction of men. In severe cases, people are losing their jobs and families, spending on porn sites for 7-8 hours daily. It starts as a curiosity, the wish to relieve stress, get more acute treat compared to the duty of self-satisfaction session. Then start experimenting, the taste becomes more demanding (dwarfs, transvestite? mm-m! ). Then there is the habit of it is a necessity. For all the excitement needed greater incentives. Failure to make normal intercourse (that is, in fact, impotence) is the only stage of this glorious path. In the next article by Boysen Hodgson, â€Å"Getting Off: Men amp; Porn. † (Men’s Health) there is collected different opinion of people about pornography. In all these articles we can note a big difference in thoughts of people about pornography. The problem of pornography is clearly ideological in nature, the attitude of the representatives of different nationalities and walks of life are due to ulturally and historically variable. In different historical periods to pornography ranked as the largest, highly artistic works of world culture, such as, the book of Ovid, Rabelais, etc. Currently, the Puritan societies to pornography include photographic, sculptural, pictorial images of naked children, drawings in a special medical literature. So, is porn a kind of social illness and should be banned, or it is a good thi ng that even may help people with them problems? As posted Times on Facebook: â€Å"Should Pornography Come Out of the Closet? † A lot of people feel happy, considering the patterns of pornographic materials, adds the scientist, the proviso that the recipe for happiness definitely does not fit all. According to the portal Internet Filter Reviews 2007, tend to be happier every second 372 internet users asking the search engines ask that is directly related to pornography. It is sometimes glued movies marital relationship and brings some passion into sex. Joint viewing of pornography promotes renaissance of sexual relations, helping partners understand each other better. I am convinced pornography has become more acceptable to the present generation of people than for earlier generations. It has become more accessible, thanks to the Internet. If youll sometimes see adult’s movies, then this would be considered quite normal. I will say even more if you watch porn movies with your partner, it will even be good for you both. I would also like to say, do not confuse material guiding principle with porn movies, they are essentially educational, and helped many couples improve their sex life. But the dark side of erotica and pornography that it can quickly become addictive and a habit. Unfortunately, some people, it is easier to go to a pornographic world than is the case with normal relations that will always have its ups and downs and difficulties. On the Australian continent, a team led by psychology professor Alan McKee recently finished an interesting study on the subject of pornography. Research interest for it is not idle. It turns out that in recent years greatly increased the demand for movies and the like spicy products, and the interest manifested in many segments of the population. Scientists have tried to understand and analyze the situation. According to the results of scientists, 90 percent of respondents who participated in the study and regularly looking at porn, showed a very strong and stable psyche. Theyve all experienced healthy sleep, none of them showed any signs of aggression and friendliness. Moreover, these people were quite low propensity to depression, but by todays standards it is a very great value. Alan McKee believes that pornography teaches us to think of the pleasure of a partner and does not allow a person to be selfish. And in pornography heroes look quite earth: men were not always on top, so women can see the cellulite on the screen. Porn does not provoke a complex about their appearance and shape, which is not an ordinary movie. Scientists urge people not to give up and start watching porn. They are only found positive aspects for those who are already watching. References Kylstra, C. 7 Things You Didnt Know About Porn. Cosmopolitan. Henderson, K. Top 10 Signs Your Guy Is Addicted to Porn. Cosmopolitan. ‘101 Sex Tricks to Try Before You Die’. Cosmopolitan. Crocker, L. Facebook Artist David Choe Launches New Gig With Porn Star Asa Akira. Newsweek Pelisek, Ch. L. A. ’s New Condom Measure Has Porn Stars Saying, Free Willie! Newsweek. Snow, A. How 10 Porn Stars Lost Their Virginity. Newsweek Snow, A. Porn Superfans: Aurora Snow on the Relationship Between Cam Girls and Their Fans. Newsweek Bronstein, C. Battling Pornography: The American Feminist Anti-Pornography Movement, DOI: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1017/CBO9780511975929 Schuesler, J. Routledge to Publish Porn Studies Journal. NYT Addiction Wars: Porn: The New Crack? Medical Breakthroughs

Stress and Accent Marks in Spanish

Stress and Accent Marks in Spanish Knowing how letters are pronounced is only one aspect of learning Spanish pronunciation. Another key aspect is knowing which syllable should be stressed, that is, the one that gets the most vocal emphasis. Fortunately, Spanish has only three basic rules of stress, and there are very few exceptions. Rules for Spanish Stress and Accent Marks Spanish uses the acute accent mark (one that rises from left to right) to indicate stress in certain words. The grave and circumflex accent marks are not used. Essentially, the accent mark is used if following the first two rules below dont correctly indicate which syllable is getting the stress: If a word without an accent mark ends in a vowel, n, or s, the stress is on the penultimate (next to last) syllable. For example, toro, computadora, joven. and zapatos all have their accent on the next-to-last syllable. Most words fit this category.A word without an accent mark that ends in other letters has the stress on the last syllable. For example, hotel, hablar, matador, and virtud all have the accent on the final syllable.If a word isnt pronounced according to the above two rules, an accent is placed over the vowel of the syllable that gets the stress. For example, comà ºn, lpiz, mà ©dico, inglà ©s, and ojal all have the stress on the indicated syllable. The only exceptions to the above are some words of foreign origin, generally, words adopted from English, that retain their original spelling and often their pronunciation. For example, sandwich is usually spelled without an accent over the initial a, even though the stress is as in English. Similarly, personal names and place names of foreign origin usually are written without accents (unless accents are used in the originating language). Note also that some publications and signs do not use accent marks over capital letters, although for clarity it is better to use them when possible. How Making a Word Plural Can Change the Accent Mark Because words ending in s or n have an accent on the next-to-last syllable, and an -es sometimes is used to make singular words plural, making a word singular or plural can affect the accent mark. This can affect both nouns and adjectives. If a word with two or more syllables and without an accent mark ends in an n, adding -es to the word will require an accent mark to be added. (Nouns and adjective ending in an unstressed vowel followed by s have identical singular and plural forms.) Words in this category are infrequent. joven (singular, youth or young), jà ³venes (plural)crimen (singular, crime), crà ­menes (plural)canon (singular, rule), canà ³nes (rules)aborigen (singular, indigenous), aborà ­genes (plural) More common are singular words that end in n or s and have an accent on the final syllable. When such words or two or more syllables are made plural by adding -es, the accent mark is no longer needed. almacà ©n (singular, warehouse), almacenes (plural)talismn (singular, lucky charm), talismanes (plural)afiliacià ³n (singular, affiliation), afiliciones (plural)comà ºn (singular, common), comunes (plural) Orthographic Accent Marks Sometimes accent marks are used only to distinguish two similar words, and they dont affect pronunciation because the marks are already on a syllable that is being stressed. For example, el (the) and à ©l (he) are both pronounced the same way, even though they have quite different meanings. Similarly, some words, quien or quià ©n, use accent marks when they appear in questions, but usually not otherwise. Accents that dont affect pronunciation are known as orthographic accents. Here are some of the common words that are affected by an orthographic accent: aun (including), aà ºn (still, yet)como (as, I eat), cà ³mo (how)de (of), dà © (form of dar)que (that), quà © (what)se (reflexive pronoun), sà © (form of saber)si (if), sà ­ (yes) Key Takeaways Spanish words without written accent marks have the stress on the last syllable unless the word ends in s or n, in which case the accent goes on the next-to-last syllable.An accent mark is used to indicate that the stress goes on that syllable where the pattern above isnt followed.Sometimes, an accent mark is used to distinguish meanings between two words that are otherwise spelled alike.

Limited partnership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Limited partnership - Essay Example One partner may be both a general and limited partner. When this is the case, all the rights and responsibilities that apply to a general partner also apply to him. However, the contribution that such a partner gives is protected in law just like that of any other limited partner. The limited partner only has interest in the property of the business. Should such a partner participate in the management of the business, they may risk losing their status as a limited partner, and thereby be liable for any debts in the company. Participating in the management of the business does not include any advice that such a partner gives to a general partner on matters that pertain to the business. The limited partner has an entitlement to inspect the records of the partnership at a reasonable time. They are also entitled in law to any piece of information regarding the partnership. Due to the fact that the limited partners are not allowed to participate in the running of the business, the general partners owe them a fiduciary

Becoming a teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Becoming a teacher - Essay Example A teacher always uses a lesson plan for facilitation of student learning, offering a course study referred to as a curriculum. A curriculum according to formal education refers to planned interaction of students and pupils with materials, instructional content, resources and process for the purpose of evaluating the achievement of educational goals. Other definitions used to refer to curriculum include: All the education processes which are deliberated and guided by the education institution, whether it is performed individually or in groups, within or outside the institutional compound. Outlines the values, performances, skills, and attitudes pupils are expected to learn from the process of schooling. It comprises of statements of required pupil outcomes, the planned sequence and descriptions of materials that will be needed and implemented to help students achieve their goals. The total education experience provided by an educational institution. It includes the syllabus, the strat egies and other aspects, like values and norms in an educational environment. The roles of teachers vary among cultures since they engage in provision of education but under different fields. Teachers may therefore provide information in different fields including: arts, civics, literacy, numeracy, life skills and community roles. All these fields are covered in educational institutions where teachers provide information in regards to their areas of specialisation. It is in this case clear that, teachers graduate from their various colleges and universities having specialised in certain fields (Vygotsky, 1978, 48). This is the reason why a teacher is not able to provide education on all the subjects covered in educational institutions. These areas of specialisation that teachers provide information on are referred to as curriculum subjects. They are the units that students and pupils learn in various institutions. For a teacher to be enrolled in a certain educational institution, th ere are various standards that should be met. There are rules and regulations that govern teachers for them to carry out effective teaching making certain that all the pupils and students are well taught and that they get to understand what they are being taught (Piaget, 2001. 65). Every teacher here in the United Kingdom is expected to follow these rules and regulations to the latter. This essay seeks to explain the strategies of teaching and learning that can be implemented in English language. As a teacher i intend to implement learning and teaching strategies that will make my class understand everything in the English unit and do well in their exams at the end of the day. In teaching there are various rules and regulations that should be followed in order to make teaching effective. These standards should be followed and kept by all teaching staff. This gives a clear impression that teachers have to keep certain standards of behaviour in their working areas to make certain that their teaching undertakings are effective enough to students and pupils (Alexander, 2010, 76). Teachers are important individuals in the society because they offer knowledge to pupils and students which mould them for better future. This is an issue which makes them to be viewed as important people because without them, students and pupils cannot acquire knowledge needed in life. In this case, they are considered individuals who take part in hard work especially teachers in the lower levels where the pupils are so

Project Initiation Document 'PID' Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Initiation Document 'PID' - Assignment Example With other regions offering international higher education courses such as Canada, US, and China; the demand for UK higher education has declined (Universities UK, 2014). In this case, the project aims to accomplish the following objectives: Three areas provide the rationale for this project. Firstly, the UK higher education sector has suffered significant drop of 49% in enrolling international students. Secondly, sectors such as U.S., Canada, and China have increased demand as UK system continues to drop. Third, following political stability and economic improvements, a higher number of Saudi students is seeking higher education institutions to study in. The decrease in the number of international students studying in the UK from the year 2012 to 2014 has impacted various areas of the education system. It is considered that higher education adds significant contribution to the national GDP and also invited diversity. However, following the decrease in students, it is difficult to sustain the system. This project aims at providing a platform that would enable UK universities to recruit Saudi Arabian students in an effort to regulate the drop and sustain full capacity tutoring. The increase in the number of international students taking courses in the U.S., Canada, and China can be attributed to the drop of international students in the UK. Thus, this project aims at targeting Saudi Arabian students in order to prevent the UK education system from collapsing (Universities UK, 2014). The project serves the purpose of inviting Saudi Arabian students to fill the gap that has recently been experienced through international students’ demand for higher education in other sectors. Finally, Saudi Arabia is a Middle East nation that depends on oil. A stable political environment and wealth generation has spawned a generation that requires higher education to manage businesses. Due to increased demand, the project targets Saudi Arabian students who have recently

National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Brief

National Transportation Safety Board Aircraft Accident Brief Accident Summary The Hendricks Motorsport plane crash occurred on 24 October 2001.   The airplane crashed in the mountainous regions in Stuart Virginia killing the crew and passengers aboard. The plane crash occurred after a missed landing on the runway 30 of the Martinsville Blue Ridge Airport (NTSB, 2006).   The plane contained two crewmembers and eight passengers who were part of the Hendricks Motorsport Racing team.   All the people on the aircraft died in the accident.   The plane crashed and exploded into flames after impact.   The team was traveling from Concord airport in North Carolina for a racing event. Information from the FAA records of communications and operations of the flight shows that the plane followed all the right procedures including altitude and headings.   However, the problem arose while approaching the Martinsville airport runway (NTSB, 2006).   The plane scheduled a landing on runway thirty but failed to do so under the advisement of the controller tower.   The controller informed the crew that they were second in line for the runway and initiated a holding pattern that extended to 28 minutes.   The flight crew received the message and started 5-mile legs to wait. The team undertook a five-mile holding pattern by making a right turn and ascent to 4000 ft.   The team went on with the holding pattern until the controller cleared them for landing and instructed them to announce their approach to the runway (NTSB, 2006).   The crew followed instructions, informed the controller of the inbound approach, and began their descent to the runway.   The controller confirmed the approached through the radio frequency and the crew proceeded with the approach by descending from 3900ft to 1400ft.   The plane maintained this attitude for approximately over one minute.   It was then that the team announced a missed approach was prompting the controller to ask for confirmation.   The crewmembers ceased all communications after confirming the missed approach.   The Controller further advised the flight crew to ascend to 4400ft but received no response and lost the radar. The Bull Mountains of Stuart Virginia were the scene of the crash about 2400ft away from the landing site.   Eyewitness reports indicated that the aircraft was operating efficiently before the accident.   The engine produced a smooth continuous sound that may have meant idling (NTSB, 2006).   Further reports showed that the plane was flying extremely low at a slow velocity.   There did not seem to be any challenges to the aircrafts performance at the time. However, it is important to note that there was fog in the atmosphere at the date of the crash.   The fog was a factor limiting visibility as it covered the Bull Mountains.   Reports indicate the visibility was up to a quarter mile. A review of the pilots credentials presented him as qualified. He had an estimated 10,733 hours of flight with almost 2000 in the Beech aircraft.   He was 51 years of age and had a significant amount of experience as a pilot.   He had also undergone rigorous training and passed his previous reviews.   The first officer had less experience totaling to 2090 hours of flight (NTSB, 2006).   However, she was qualified evidenced by her qualifications and past performance.   The multiengine plane had passed inspection a few months later with an accumulated flight time of 8079 hours.   The plane had a GPS system with an old database.   It also lacked ground proximity detectors that would have warned the pilot when flying at low altitudes.   The plane was scheduled for a systems upgrade later in the year.   The weather report during the accident indicated cloudy atmosphere with high humidity and patchy fog.   A pilot for the plane ahead of the Hendrickss Motorsports plane claimed that the climate under the clouds had relatively high visibility up to 2 miles.   However, the weather kept on shifting during the flight. Reference NTSB, (2006). Accident Investigations NTSB National Transportation Safety Board. App.ntsb.gov. Retrieved 15 February 2017, from https://app.ntsb.gov/investigations/fulltext/AAB0601.html

Exxon Mobil Essay -- Business Analysis

ExxonMobil is the largest publicly traded oil and gas producing company. ExxonMobil does business in 200 countries world-wide (1). Some countries are designated for exploring gas and petroleum, and some are designated for manufacturing chemicals, lubricants, and market fuels (1). ExxonMobil's world-class petroleum portfolio gives access to proven reserves of 21.9 billion oil-equivalent barrels of oil and gas, which is the highest in the industry (1). The company's discovered resources consist of 72 billion oil equivalent barrels of oil and gas. On average, each day, they produce 2.5 million barrels of oil and 10.5 billion cubic feet of gas (4). Their asset base, includes more than 60,000 production wells in 1,800 fields in 25 countries. With activities in some 40 countries, ExxonMobil's oil and gas fields extend from West Texas to West Africa and from Australia to Alaska (1). The company operates in deep seas, arctic ice and deserts in some of the world's most remote regions (1). Ex xonMobil is the world's largest nongovernmental marketer of equity natural gas. The company has access to 56 trillion cubic feet of proven reserves and discovered resources of more than 185 trillion cubic feet. It has gas sales in 25 countries and across five continents (4).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oil is Exxon’s primary means of revenue. In the Oil industry there are competitive forces that function in the industry, but none stronger than the barriers of entry. One of the major barriers to entry is finding a supply of petroleum or gas. The cost of research, discovery, and output of gas and petroleum can easily reach the 100’s of millions of dollars. Another problem a new company would face, is receiving permission to develop oil in a foreign country. Because of the amount of money involved in oil, countries tend to produce oil on their own, rather than share the profits. The large investment in capital and the political connections needs to enter the industry, make it almost impossible to start a new oil company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second force that affects the oil industry is the bargaining power of suppliers. In the industry, suppliers have all the power. There is no international trade commission, so oil can be dispersed at any pace and be sold at what ever price suppliers want. The inelasticity of oil and the constant fear that oil is on the verge of running out, gives suppliers absolute power in the ... ...d. The have more than enough money and resources to work on alternative energy sources. Whether it is hydrogen or electricity, they can reap both the financial and humanity rewards. For Exxon to end with oil would be a tremendous blunder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exxon is not a company that needs to worry about competition. In the oil industry it is all about raw materials. The more a company has the more control they have. Exxon also has no need to be concerned with competition because gas is gas. No one is going to pay a dollar more for Exxon’s gas than Texaco. Another factor that eliminates competition from the industry is a unwritten theme that gas prices move together. It is rare to see two gas stations on the same block with significance in price. When oil prices go up, gas prices follow. Works Cited 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ExxonMobil’s Official Website 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TexacoShell’s Official Website 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yahoo Finance ExxonMobil stock information and financial reports. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ExxonMobil’s Official Website Products and Services Subsidiaries and info about. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  TexacoShell’s Official Website 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ExxonMobil stock information and financial reports. Historical Stock Prices   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Ethical Self Reflection Essay

Abstract In many cases, a person must choose between two or more â€Å"rights† that may or may not align with both one’s moral and ethical standards. The care-based, rule-based, ends-based thinking to arrive at a decision rather than rationalizing after the fact are necessary for analyzing ethical dilemmas (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2012, pp. 164-165). The self-reflection needed to identify one’s fundamental nature, and to understand the morals, ethics and values one uses to make decisions are critical to becoming an authentic leader who is a moral manager that serves the people that follow him or her (Hughes, et.al, pp. 152-153). Ethical Self Reflection What is right? Morals define personal character related to the ideas of both right and wrong. Ethics, while inherently linked to morals and one’s moral obligations, is a set of moral principles used in a social system in which those morals are applied. In other words, ethics point to standards or codes of behavior expected by the group to which the individual belongs. These standards could be national ethics, social ethics, company ethics, professional ethics, or even family ethics. So while a person’s moral code is usually unchanging, the ethics he or she practices can be dependent on exogenous factors not controlled by the individual or the group to which the individual belongs. Care-based thinking describes what is commonly referred to as the Golden Rule, â€Å"Do unto others as you want others to do to you†, of conduct and is most closely aligned with Aristotle’s writings concerning happiness. Aristotle writes in Nichomachean Ethics that, â€Å"If hap piness is activity in accordance with virtue, it is reasonable that it should be in accordance with the highest virtue; and this will be that of the best thing in us† (Aristotle, 1992, p. 7). Thus the idea of ethics does not begin with the morals of either right or wrong, but starts with the premise that we all desire what is good or what seems so to us (Brennan, 1992, p. 64).  Happiness, then, is to live in an objectively good way according to several virtues that conform to the best and most complete aspects of human activity including wisdom, knowledge, courage, self-control, magnanimity, and honorable ambition (Brennan, pp. 65-67). These virtues describe the character of a good person whose acts are ethically free, not compelled; voluntary and not forced. Unlike Aristotle’s character based ethics, Immanuel Kant proposes a rule-based thinking that actions of true moral worth are done when a person does the right thing because it is right and not for what benefit the person can get out of the act (Hughes, et.al, p. 165). This type of thinking largely negates the external factors that may influence a person’s inclination to wiegh the decision to act based on the greatest hapiness provided to thegreatest number of people. When one takes the results or consequences of an act into consideration moreso than the act’s rightness or wrongness, then the act can be said to be based on ends-based thinking (Hughes, et.al, p. 165). This thinking is largely based on Utilitariansim proposed by JohnStuart Mill in 1863 who defines it as: The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the happiness. By happiness is intended plea sure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure (Mill, 1863, pp. 9-10). Mill, however, did not propose that the ends of an action justified the means, for justice, to Mills, is paramount to the creation of good organizations and societies (Mill, pp. 42-43). The principle of ends-based thinking or utilitarianism requires that each person count for as much as the next, and that no single man or woman should be made to suffer injustice in order to increase the happiness of all the rest (Brennan, p. 98). Determining why we say what we are going to say; why we do what we are going to do; and why we feel what we feel in an ethical dilemma presupposes that moral choice is rational. However, â€Å"man is not a rational animal; he is a rationalizing animal†¦[and] one of the hardest things to believe is the abysmal depth of human stupidity† (Heinlein, 1953, p. 18). This Sartrean brand of existentialism is based on the idea that we act first, and then look around for reason afterward (Brennan, p. 122). This rationalizing does not operate at the level of our own behavior alone. We, as social animals, are prone to adapt  to the reality as others find it. We tend to conform, even if, when rationally examined, the reality of the group does not make sense. â€Å"To thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man† (Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act I scene 3, 78-82). Shakespeare provides Polonius a voice that resonates clearly in present contexts the importance of being true with one’s morals and virtues. True, not in the Elizabethan sense of making certain you had your home and finances in order to allow you to better help others, but true in a sense of Plato’s maxim â€Å"Know Thyself†. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose name is strongly associated with the Enlightenment movement, believed that the knowledge of oneself is the beginning of wisdom (Brennan, J., p.75). Gaining this knowledge requires self-reflection. Reflection links changed awareness with changed action. Reflection is a valuable part of any worthwhile effort. When one takes the time to thoughtfully reflect about an experience, one is given the opportunity to learn from it, to enjoy success, understand failures, and to gain insights that will be helpful to you in future activities The knowledge of self is essential to enable leaders and followers who aspire to lead to clarify their own values as they model the way for others to follow (Barry P., Kouzes J., 2012). However, lifting the cloud of the false personal perceptions we all build from the front of our observation lenses is no easy task. Our implicit prejudices, in-group favoritism, claims of imagined credit and misjudged conflicts of interest are the fuel to the clouds that provide us an over-inflated sense of self-importance (Hughes R.L., et al., 2012, pp. 161-163) Simple self-reflection or introspection is useful when we are trying to decide to make for dinner. During the 2012 Human Capital Institute (HCI) Learning and Leader Development Conference, BG (Ret) Thomas Kolditz said tha t, â€Å"You can’t become in 30 seconds what you haven’t been in 30 years† (Fakalata, 2012). Whether a leader is in a corporate boardroom, watching the company’s price point per share fall so low that you need a special ticket into the New York Stock Exchange’s stinking underbelly to see how far it really sunk, or whether a leader is watching his ladder and hose crews battle an industrial chemical fire near a suburban Alabama community, the situations that test leadership are also the events that produce competent and selfless leaders driven by moral obligation and social conscience (Kolditz, 2007). Likewise, these same  situations produce the corporate and local government villains that are ridiculed for their selfishness, incompetence, inattentiveness and greed. Motive provides one the reason for doing something and may be considered the â€Å"why† that inspires the â€Å"what† needs to be done (Covey, 2006, p. 78). Values are constructs representing generalized behaviors or states of affairs that are considered by the individual to be importa nt (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2012, p. 152). With these definitions in mind, one may surmise that values – what is important to us – guide us to adopt motives that become visible to others through our behavior towards and with others to complete the â€Å"what† needs to be done. Loyalty to a leader is engendered when followers can place their full trust in leaders who are perceived as persons with high moral integrity (Wakin, 1976, p. 587). The moral obligations one has influences the values that drive us toward a certain set of motives that cause us to take action under varying circumstances. Leaders who are consistent with their behaviors with respect to their perceived moral obligations are viewed as having high moral integrity and worthy of trust. The ability of a person to lead a group is often dependent on the culture and the group’s beliefs in right and wrong – the ethical climate (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, p. 155). For example, a person who values money, reducing expenses, realizing p rofits, and maximizing business opportunities is motivated by finance or financial wealth. This person, leading a group that values devotion to duty, hard work, and respect for authority, may experience difficulty because the values are not shared and will seldom align to the tradition that motivates the group being led. The financial leader in a group of traditionalists may be viewed negatively because the obtaining financial success is considered the wrong â€Å"why† to do work that requires – from the groups perspective – duty, loyalty, hard work and respect. In any context where leadership is a critical component to success, moral absolutists whose values reflect strict adherence to a defined rule-based thought process may be viewed as uncompromising and hide-bound. Likewise, a pragmatist or a person that uses end-based thinking to justify actions may be viewed as one who uses any method to expediently achieve the organizations goals and objectives. In either case, the appellation of absolutist or pragmatist may be viewed as a pejorative depending on what values are shared by the followers and the organization. However, neither  moral archetype explanation is sufficient when dealing with human actions and the values that drive the motives behind these actions. Truth-telling, promise-keeping, preservation of life, respect for property may not be absolute moral obligations, but they are not relative either. Rather, as Hughes describes, the situation significantly influences both the priority of moral obligations and the leadership interaction between the leader and followers in a particular situation (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, p. 26). In terms perhaps more easily understood, moral obligations like promise-keeping may be at odds, depending on the situation, with an equal universal obligation like preserving life. Neither obligation is absolute and neither is relative, however circumstances may arise when one must prioritize the obligation that shapes what one values and provides the motive to take action. Leadership is about getting results in a way that inspires trust (Covey, 2006, p. 40). Trust of oneself, trust in the relationships we have with our constituents and the organization of which we are part. The means to accomplish a task and get the expected results are just as important as the ends. Leaders possessing a set of morals consistent with the ethics of a given society (organization) are better able to get results in a way that maintains or increases trust. The non-conformists and the dissidents who openly oppose dominant social attitudes and ideologies are not necessarily more correct or more rational. But we might take their criticism as an opportunity for honest self-reflection and examination of even our most dearly held views of ourselves and our society. Congruence with morals, values, motives and behavior results in what we might call integrity. There are no gaps between what the person believes and how they act, and therefore we can trust that actions are done in accordance with who the individual really is. References Aristotle. (1992, January 3). Nichomachean Ethics. The Internet Classics Archive, X. (D. C. Stevenson, Ed., & W. D. Ross, Trans.) Cambridge, MA, United States. Retrieved from http://classics.mit.edu//Aristotle/nicomachaen.html Brennan, J. G. (1992). Foundations of Moral Obligation; The Stockdale Course. Newport, RI: Naval War College Press. Covey, S. (2006). The Speed of Trust: The One Thing That Changes Everything. New York, NY: Free Press. Heinlein, R. A. (1953). Assignment in Eternity. NY, New York: Baen Publishing Enterprises. Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R. C., & Curphy, G. J. (2012). Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Mill, J. S. (1863). Utilitarianism. London, England: Parker, Son and Bourne. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=lyUCAAAAQAAJ&rdid=book-lyUCAAAAQAAJ&rdot=1 Wakin, M. M. (1976). The Ethics of Leadership. American Behavioral Scientist (Pre-1986), 19(5), 567-588. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/194626859?accountid=12871

Free Essays on Fractals

In 1979 Mandelbrot produced a computer generated image of what later became known as the "Mandelbrot Set". This set covers a region in the complex C-plane with the property that values of C within this set, or on it's boundary, result in "Connected Julia Sets", and values of C outside the Mandelbrot set produce NC Julia sets that are just clouds of discrete points, or Cantor dust sets. The boundary of this set is very complex. Extending from the perimeter of the large central area are several large and and many small circular bumps, plus numerous thin filaments, which branch out in uneven shapes and contain small islands shaped like miniature versions of the main section. Their results were of mild interest to a small group of pure mathematicions, and were ignored by everyone else. In the 1970s, an applied mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot, working at the IBM Research Laboratory, did some computer simulations for these sets on the reasonable assumption that, if you wanted to prove something, it might be helpful to know the answer ahead of time. Mandelbrot had been one of Julia's students in 1945, and he was familiar with the papers of both Julia and Fatou. IBM had the best computers available, and a policy of letting research staff members have lots of free computer time to work on anything in which they were interested. Of course, they were also expected to do something useful occasionally. In 1979 Mandelbrot produced a computer generated image of what later became known as the "Mandelbrot Set". This set covers a region in the complex C-plane with the property that values of C within this set, or on it's boundary, result in "Connected Julia Sets", and values of C outside the Mandelbrot set produce NC Julia sets that are just clouds of discrete points, or Cantor dust sets. The boundary of this set is very complex. Extending from the perimeter of the large central area are several large and and many small circular ... Free Essays on Fractals Free Essays on Fractals In 1979 Mandelbrot produced a computer generated image of what later became known as the "Mandelbrot Set". This set covers a region in the complex C-plane with the property that values of C within this set, or on it's boundary, result in "Connected Julia Sets", and values of C outside the Mandelbrot set produce NC Julia sets that are just clouds of discrete points, or Cantor dust sets. The boundary of this set is very complex. Extending from the perimeter of the large central area are several large and and many small circular bumps, plus numerous thin filaments, which branch out in uneven shapes and contain small islands shaped like miniature versions of the main section. Their results were of mild interest to a small group of pure mathematicions, and were ignored by everyone else. In the 1970s, an applied mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot, working at the IBM Research Laboratory, did some computer simulations for these sets on the reasonable assumption that, if you wanted to prove something, it might be helpful to know the answer ahead of time. Mandelbrot had been one of Julia's students in 1945, and he was familiar with the papers of both Julia and Fatou. IBM had the best computers available, and a policy of letting research staff members have lots of free computer time to work on anything in which they were interested. Of course, they were also expected to do something useful occasionally. In 1979 Mandelbrot produced a computer generated image of what later became known as the "Mandelbrot Set". This set covers a region in the complex C-plane with the property that values of C within this set, or on it's boundary, result in "Connected Julia Sets", and values of C outside the Mandelbrot set produce NC Julia sets that are just clouds of discrete points, or Cantor dust sets. The boundary of this set is very complex. Extending from the perimeter of the large central area are several large and and many small circular ...

World War 2 Essay

World War 2 Essay World War 2 Essay The Atrocities of WW2 | December 3 2012 | | Who is most to blame? | Article 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention defines war crimes as wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including... wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement of a protected person, compelling a protected person to serve in the forces of a hostile power, or wilfully depriving a protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial, ...taking of hostages and extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly. Each country that partook in the Second World War had committed war crimes to some degree, along with crimes against peace and humanity. Germany is the most responsible for the atrocities that occurred during World War 2. If Germany had not been in pursuit for power, the war may have been avoided. Japan, U.S.A., USSR, Italy, Vichy France, Britain and Canada, in that order, are also to blame for the cruel ties during the war. In such a large scale global conflict, the Axis powers, as well as the Allies were at fault. The beginning of the 1930s marked the start of Nazi Germany’s exploitation of power. Seeking revenge from the Treaty of Versailles, the Nazis had waged a war of aggression, conspiracies and destruction. This party was infamous for its mass murders, specifically the Holocaust. Over 12 million people were killed during this time, 6 million of those being Jewish. Adolf Hitler, the Nazi ruler, was anti-Semitic, and believed that the Aryans were a superior race. Hitler had stated, â€Å"None but those of German blood may be members of the nation. No Jew, therefore, may be a member of the nation†. Hitler had ordered the extermination of Jews in concentration camps, located throughout Germany and Poland. Those fit to work were sent to labour camps where they performed hard labour for no pay. The others were sent to their death in gas chambers. Large cam ps such as Aushwitz exterminated over 6000 people a day [see Figure 1]. The concentration camps were only one of the horrendous crimes the Nazis committed during the war. On 9 November 1938, the day known as Kristallnacht, Nazi soldiers destroyed the homes and offices of Jewish citizens in Germany. The Germans had broken many treaties in the process of gaining control over Europe, including the Munich Agreement; a policy allowing Hitler to take control of the Sudetenland if in return he stopped acquiring more territory. However, in March of 1939, Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia, disobeying the Agreement. Winston Churchill, the prime minister of Britain had commented, â€Å"It is a total defeat. Czechoslovakia will be swallowed up by the Nazis. And do not suppose this is the end. This is only the beginning.† As Churchill predicted, Hitler went on to carry out more indictments. Germany had signed the Nazi-Soviet pact of non-aggression. The Nazis invaded the Soviet Unio n nonetheless. Experiments were often conducted on the captured Soviet prisoners of war. About 3.4 million prisoners died in these camps, 60% being Soviet. Germany had perpetrated the most crimes against peace and humanity and is therefore the most to blame for this war. Second to blame for the acts of violence in the war is Japan. Prior to World War 2, Japan had been at war with China. Japan believed that by invading China, they would be able to gain access to natural resources as well as to accommodate for its rapidly growing population. During their quest to satisfy their imperial and expansionist needs, the Japanese were responsible for numerous atrocities, including genocide of Chinese women at the Nanjing massacre, beginning on 13 December 1937. Thousands of women were victims of gang rape and murder, their bodies left on the streets completely exposed. Chinese men were also victims of the massacre. Any men who were captured

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Book review - Essay Example The exercise on amplifying exceptions and complementing is very educative and practical; hence it can be used to cynosure on solution focused brief therapy. The parties taking part in the exercise are able to experience first hand the intended purpose. The second technique is asking the miracle question, where this technique is to help the client know what he/she wants done differently in that the first attempts chosen to solve a problem did not work out; therefore, another approach is needed. The last technique is to understand the structural component of feedback to clients using role play and interchanging of characters helps in the formulation and delivery of feedback to clients. Corey (2008) specifically talks about how personal experiences can influence change of behavior in their day to day life, a bad experience can trigger phobia. Therefore, due to the phobia triggered the victim tends to avoid situations where the phobia triggering stimuli

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Laddering Interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Laddering Interviews - Essay Example This helped with clear articulation about the qualities of a backpack which stimulates purchase. The other two participants were light users of backpacks, meaning, they were not avid users of backpacks and as such did not know much about the brands that offer backpacks. These two respondents were essentially insensitive to brand name implying they had a preference for generic backpacks. The interview was dissected into questions that inquired about the reasons the participants bought backpacks and the associated characteristics of the backpacks which led them to do so. Next the interview progressed to go deeper to relate the consequences of the characteristics. Lastly, the interview attempted to link how the consequences were influenced by the values each respondent held with respect to backpacks. The responses to the interview showed that most of the participants sought value in the backpacks. A lower price was an attractive characteristic if the backpack was also complimented by greater quality. The more heavy users of backpacks preferred backpacks with high quality fabric, finishing, and water proof lining. This was more common among participants who did sports. On the other hand, participants whose needs were simple preferred lower prices backpacks. This is because the generic backpacks – as opposed to branded backpacks – met their daily needs which included spaciousness to accommodate books, pockets to keep laptop and other accessories, and partitions to keep notes and other books. The size of a backpack was also another important attribute which determined if participants bought the backpack. Size was related to the usage of different participants. Participants who used backpacks for sports needed a larger space to accommodate clothes, equipments, and other necessary accessories. Durability was also identified as a critical attribute

Functional areas of Business Essay Example for Free

Functional areas of Business Essay In today’s society, organizations need strong managers to lead their staff towards accomplishing goals. Managers are problem solvers, leaders, coordinators, communicators and planners. Managers fulfill many roles and have many types of responsibilities at different levels in an organization. Many roles Management can be very complex as they have to respond to planned and unplanned issues that can occur at any given time. Managers have a variety of duties to perform within an organization to help it function properly within the area of business. One of the areas of business that a manager plays a role in is Strategic Planning. Organizing and planning is a priority in businesses. Organizing and planning has objectives that involve developing business goals, organizing business resources to advance these goals. Both internal and external data is used about the industry, markets and competition provides information that is needed in order to direct the organizations resources and to also identify organizational needs. Managers are also responsible for making decisions in an organization, which involves choices that are related to changes that is needed to adapt internal and external factors that have an effect on business operations. Managers must also decide how and where to use resources within an organization. Other decision making responsibilities can include choosing suppliers and vendors for goods and services for the organization. Managers use accounting for financial decision making. Accounting for managers involves forecasting, relevant costing, cost-volume-profit analysis, investment appraisal techniques.(Accounting for Managers) Managers that use accounting sets targets for strategic business units as well as for departments, accounting assists in the assignment of responsibility for achievement of business targets by individual managers. Responsibility accounting is achieved by appraising the performance of managers responsible for their business units while giving due consideration for factors not within their control or influence. Mangers are also responsible for ensuring that all accounting procedures are within accounting standards, business ethics and legal requirements of business, and making th e organization financially, economically and legally sound. A manager in Human Resources create policies for employees, monitors training and performance evaluation, coordinates  new hires and employees, recruits and operate along with the vision and mission of the company. They become a positive influence to their work colleagues, sharing their experiences, to encourage employees to stay positive and perform at their best. The manager also directs his team to help monitor employees based on their performance, compensation and to carry out daily work tasks. As a manager considered a leader in an organization, you have to be able to motivate your employees in order to encourage productivity to ensure the highest level of job satisfaction. Leadership is defined as the action of leading people in an organization towards achieving goals. A manager must also have the ability to influence an employee in many ways. A leader sets clear realistic goals and vision for the organization, motivates employees and builds morale. Leadership is particularly important in senior management, such as VP, CEO, etc. To become an effective leader, a manager gas to lead people providing trust and purpose and self-management using influence and persuasion, achieving personal goa ls. It is important for managers to understand Economics in a business. Economics is very important because it enables managers to make decisions such as the price of goods and services to be produced, allocation of capital, and sales forecasting. Economics also helps managers to understand the possible effects on the way the organization functions. Resources can become scarce, and managers must be able to make financial decisions about what products and services to produce. Economics has an effect on businesses in many ways, which can have a negative and positive affect on an organization. Research and statistics enables managers to make accurate decisions based on available data, which allows them to make smarter decisions and provide more accurate leadership to staff relying on them. Statistics also helps managers to back up assertions. When managers needs to persuade people to move into a direction, or to take some toe of risk, statistics can provide them with objective goals with figures to substantiate positions or to provide a level of certainty as to what direction that the company needs to take. It is important for managers to know the law in an organization to protect the vital interest of the organization which that they manage. It will also help the manager to prevent the organization from legal problems. Not only would the law protect the workers, but it will also protect stakeholders and people that invest in  the company. If the organization is jeopardized, that can result in a huge lost. The law regulates contracts between businesses by laying down rules and regulations for the smooth running of the business and economy. Operations management is defined as the area in business where efficiency and effectiveness of operation support and development plays a role to achieve an organization’s strategic goals. Managers in this area are focused on the design and operations of systems to provide goods and services. Operations management involves planning, scheduling, and control of all activates that will transform inputs into outputs. Managers in particular have to communicate effectively to motivate other people, manage job projects and work on multidisciplinary teams. Marketing is another skill that managers should know to put their company products on the market. Marketing also enables managers to set prices for their products based on manufacturing costs. Directors also assist managers in deciding what type of advertising and promotion strategies that the organization will use. Managers may also assist advertising directors in establishing budgets for marketing and advertising their product. The manager can assist the marketing department with determining the right distribution product for the organization’s products. Great effective managers possess all of these skills to be successful in the workplace, along with other skills and assignments from upper-level management. References Role of management. (1992). Leadership Organization Development Journal, 13(3), 11. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/226916348?accountid=458 Tiffan, B. (2011). Four important roles of a manager. Physician Executive, 37(4), 94-6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/878544673?accountid=458 Berri, D. J., Leeds, M. A., Leeds, E. M., Mondello, M. (2009). The role of managers in team performance. International Journal of Sport Finance, 4(2), 75-93. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/229346895?accountid=458